Introduction
The Last Great Invasion?
The Real 2nd Rangers
Landing on the Dog Green Beach
Where is the diversity of the Allied and Axis Armies?
It seems that everybody in Miller's boat gets killed. What happened?
They start getting mortar fire
the pillbox is still firing on the beach in a later scene, right?
Okay, if Miller can surpress fire on the Germans with a 50-yard Thompson, why would the 1000-yard sniper seem to crawl forward?
Was There Really a Pvt. Ryan?
Synopsis of the Film
Would Rangers Break and Question Orders in France in 1944?
If you had the murderer of your friend at the point of a gun, would you show mercy?
Where was the 2nd SS Division in June 1944?
Why didn't the German Tiger Heavy Tank shoot Miller, Ryan and others with its machine gun?
Did soldiers really throw back grenades?
Could Horvath have fired the bazooka at the Marder (German open panzer) wihtout a second person?
Why on earth would Parker and the Sniper go up into a position that could be blown up with one tank blast? With no escape route?
What was that big machine gun that blew the paratroopers heads' off?
What was so important about this damn bridge? Why not blow it up and move on?
What does the German say to Mellish as he stabs him?
Okay, was the guy in the stairs who doesn't shoot Upham when he's crying the same guy that Upham begged to be released at the radar station?
Feelings Positive and Negative for Upham
P-51 Tankbusters
Spielberg's Blond and Beautiful Family
Conclusion
Introduction
This post was written in 1998, after my first viewing of Saving Private Ryan. The film deeply touched me, as it did many viewers, because of its ultra-realistic protrayal of combat in France in June 1944. This article examines the film and its historical accuracies and inaccurancies. Sparking a renewed interest in World War II, Saving Private Ryan changed the way historical war films looked at the horrors of combat through the most realistic combat scenes ever filmed. However, historians would recognize several minor flaws that are of interest to any student of World War II.
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The Last Great Invasion?
First off, the ads were wrong. "The Last Great Invasion of the Last Great War"? Waht the hell does that mean? Well, if they said the GreatEST Invasion of the GreatEST war, they might be right. Here's a partial listing of invasions after Overlord June 6, 1944. Overlord was the largest amphibious invasion the world will probably ever see, but saying it's the "last great invasion" seems to me to do a disservice to the hundreds of thousands of men and women who assaulted or supported or suffered or defended through the following assaults and too,too many others:
European Theatre of Operations (ETO)
- Southern France, August 1944
- Operation Market-Garden, September 1944 (airborne, not seaborne - except for one river crossing by a regiment in a canvas boat)
- Crossing the Rhine, April 1945 (airborne and seaborne)
I would also add the June 1944 Red Army Offensive, and the invasion of Berlin, which culminated four years of vicious fighting that caused 10+ times as many Russian and German casualties as the Western Allies' War.
Pacific
- Saipan, June 1944
- Phillippines, Fall 1944 (campaign)
- Iwo Jima, February 1945
- Okinawa, April 1945
Operation Olympic, the invasion of Japan, would have dwarfed Overlord if the Japanese had not surrendered. Thank God they did, because some Americans were preparing for the possibility of killing every Japanese man, woman and child to secure the home islands. Racism in the Pacific War was legendary.
Okay, on to the film itself:
The opening scene is simply one of the greatest 30 minutes of filmmaking is history. I think every man, woman, and child on earth should see the first 30 minutes. It's the rest of the film that people could miss. I'm a cinephile and a amateur historian, and I've read cover to cover every World War II book I've ever got my hands on. Spielberg made me realize how stupid and wasteful war is all over again. It is the most accurate war sequence ever recorded, and I've seen really, REALLY greusome combat camera film from the front lines.
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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) that many people have asked me for more information on are throughout this document.
The Real Rangers
Q: Who were the Real US Army's 2nd Rangers?
A: The film follows the 2nd Ranger battalion, Company C, as they land next to the Vierville draw on Omaha Beach at about 6:45 AM on June 6, 1944. They were a strictly segregated (gender, sexual preference, and race) highly trained unit, a miracle of American training, since their unit, their mission, and their equipment didn't exist 2 years before. Capt. Miller (Tom Hanks) is lucky (well, sort of) to be a veteran of North Africa, Sicily, Italy, while most of his men had never been in combat before. The real Company C commanding officer (CO), Capt. Ralph Goranson, didn't have combat experience. He also survived the war.
Everything their training had prepared them for is wrong. The naval and aerial bombardments fell too far inland or into the sea. They have no shelter, few tanks, no artillery, and few heavy weapons. The unit landed next to them, Company A, 116th regiment, 29th infantry division, took 99.9% causalties by the time the 2nd Rangers landed. The men of a entire town in West Virginia died in 15 minutes.
There are no other Allied troops anywhere for 2 miles, except for what's left of Company B of the 116th.
Contrary to the popular myth, the 116th was already starting up on the bluff when the Rangers were ordered by General Norman Cota ("Rangers Lead the Way!" - this is the Ranger motto to this day) to form up and take the heights. The regular army unit, the 116th, proved just as tough as the 2nd Rangers.
While this going on, 2nd Ranger Companies A and B were landing elsewhere, insead of backing up companies D,E,and F, who were scaling cliffs (called Point du Hoc) to get to heavy guns the Germans had that could dominate the American beaches. Only 20 of 70 men from D company survived the first wave up the cliff. The A/B/C companies landed on Omaha because the signal was too late to reinforce the du Hoc Rangers.
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Landing On Dog Green Beach
Miller and Sgt Horvath (Tom Sizemore) order "drop the ramp!" and the machine gun fire starts. The MG42/3 series shot 1200 rounds per minute, twice as much as the American equivalent. It terrified inexperienced Allied soldiers because of its b-u-u-r-r-p-p. The machine gun in the film is firing too slow. The sound seems to me to be an American .30 Browning rather than a German MG42. Today's MG42, used by the West Germans, has a selectable fire switch to reduce ammo consumption.
In the real battle, one MG42 gunner spent 12,000 rounds. By midday. The battle lasted into the evening, and shells were still coming in for several days.
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Were the Americans the Only Ones Landing on D-Day?
But back to the film. The Rangers are the cream of the American Army, but they are there as part of a national force. Throughout the film, Spielberg forgets to point out that there were other nationalities on both sides of the fighting. (Exception: The German raising his hands, who gets shot after his pillbox falls, is saying he's a Czech, not a German. Hitler stuffed Russian POWs, conscripts, anybody to fill the Atlantic Wall. Koreans, impressed by the Japanese, captured by the Russians, impressed by the Russians, captured by the Germans, impressed by the Germans, were captured by the Americans. Nobody could figure out who they were, until somebody tried every language in the translator's book. The Americans snet them to a POW camp in the States. The Koreans were nonchalant about their latest capture.
Other than that Czech, Spielberg ignores the British Coxswain who drove the Rangers to the beach, the Norwegian and Free French and English ships shelling the pillboxes, the British tankbusters and aircraft attacking the German rear artillery, and anyone else of the multinational Allied Army. (Americans, Canadians, British, Free French, and Polish troops went ashore on D-Day. Where are they in the film?)
Moreover, wher are the Hispanic and Native American troops in the assault platoons? Only Japanese- and African-Americans were in segregated units. The Japanese 442nd Regiment was being wasted in Italy, the most decorated unit in the U.S. Army. But black troops went ashore on D-Day, sometimes under fire, to bring ashore supplies. Many black sailors made the fleet run. Where were they? (ed. note: Can anyone name a black character in Spielberg's films?
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Capt. Miller's Boat
Q: It seems that everybody in Miller's boat gets killed. What happened?
A: During my 2nd viewing, I realized that during a confusing editing splice (for me and some others, anyway) the action cuts from Miller's boat to another boat, where everybody on board is machinegunned in a split-second, and then back to Miller, who yells "Over the Side!" and jumps. Many boats were wiped out as they dropped the ramp, as the fire was presighted exactly on them, sometimes a year before the battle.
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Capturing the Pillbox
Q: So they are being machine-gunned in the water, and begin crawling towards the beach. Then they start getting mortar fire. They crawl up on top and wipe out the Pillbox, it seems. But then the pillbox is still firing on the beach in a later scene, right?
A: Actually, they used a weapon called a Bangalore Torpedo to blow a hole in the barbed wire to run past the front of the pillbox. Then they tried to outflank it and were stopped by a second machine gun nest.
Here is where Spielberg begins to bend physics. Miller has a Thompson submachine gun, which fires 0.45 caliber pistol ammunition, with an effective range of about 50 yards. (I won't complain about the possibility that Miller might have had his ammuniton drop out of his gun the first time he fired - the D-Day men were issued 30-round clips for Thompsons, instead of their familiar 20-round ones. They were two heavy and fell out the first time you fired. You had to take out 2 rounds to make the clip work. His works.) He sends some men through, then orders the sniper to take out the pillbox. The sniper uses an M1903 bolt-action rifle, the standard US infantry weapon in World War I. (and on Guadalcanal in 1942) He's got sniper training, several scopes and the film seems to indicate he's very good at his job (more on that later.) His effective range is over 1000 yards, maybe 1500 yards if he's really, really good. (That's almost a mile.) He crawls forward (!), shoots up the sandbags, and the Germans and thier gun fall forward into a ditch, where Miller and his men shoot up the Germans as they land.
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Ballistics
Q: Okay, if Miller can surpress fire on the Germans with a 50-yard Thompson, why would the 1000-yard sniper seem to crawl forward?
A: Why wouldn't he hit them from Miller's position? And what did he hit, a bomb? Why did the sandbags collapse? I didn't get this, and for the first time I was aware I was watching a film.
After they get behind the pillbox, they flame it out, and begin working around the enemy trenches. My Dad has issues with Mellish the Jewish trooper crying, but I don't. Lots of men broke. Usually the loud, capable guy in training was first to go. The quiet, unnoticible guy was usually the best warrior.
As they begin to mop up, we see the beach in a wide shot that focuses onto one man, whose musette bag says he's named RYAN. Our main theme is set up.
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Q: Was there really a Pvt. Ryan?
A: No, but there was a Pvt. Niland. His four brothers were killed, one on Utah, one in New Guinea, one in Italy (ryan's brothers were fictionally killed on Utah, Omaha, New Guinea) Pvt. Niland's brother was one of only 197 casualties on Utah beach. Compare that to 2500+ Omaha casualties. Over 50,000 men went ashore in the following hours on each beach. Niland was easily found, and returned to his Mom.
Some people think of the Sullivan brothers, 5 men who volunteered on the condition they would serve together, inspired the film. That's wrong, Spielberg drew heavily on Ambrose. Ambrose found the Niland story. They went into the Navy and 4 of them were killed when their ship, the USS Juneau, was hit by a torpedo in the Solomons and sank. The task force commander left the survivors in the water and sailed away without a radio signal to help them. Out of 700 survivors, only 10 lived through the sharks and starvation over 7 days. The eldest Sullivan brother died looking for his brothers.
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Synopsis of Saving Private Ryan
Back to the film. Miller is given the task of fiding Ryan out of hundreds of thousands of Allied soldiers, somewhere out there with the 101st Airborne Division. Okay, this is another physics problem for Spielberg. The 82nd Airborne's zones were closest to Omaha, so the Utah beach men should gone after Ryan. However, if you consider that it was a dangerous mission behind enemy lines, I could understand sending Rangers. However, Paratroops from the 101st or 82nd would have a better chance or finding him, and were just as prepared to look for him. Also, a Captain to look for a Private? I would think the job would go to a Lieutenant, but maybe all of them were dead by June 10-11, when the Ranger team shoves off.
Anyway, off the Rangers go. Talking, smoking, questioning orders. By the crap the platoon gives green translator Cpl. Upham, they seem to be combat-experienced, and after Omaha, they seem fantastically well-adjusted after 5 days of unrelenting combat. The problem is that no battle-hardened platoon would talk and smoke and bitch while on patrol behind enemy lines. They would shut up and walk as quietly as possible. If they were making noise later in the picture when that German 222 half-track came up, they would have died.
For me, Spielberg missed the real story, assaulting Omaha. I guess he was worried about people thinking he was remaking "The Longest Day," but I would have just followed this one Ranger company until the end of the Normandy Campaign, or through first week, or something like that. The second half of the film seriously impacts the message I think Speilberg is trying to impart.
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Would Rangers Disobey Orders in France in 1944?
They come to a village where the 82nd Airborne has taken up residence. This house-to-house cat-and-mouse game was very gripping, but lacked the gut punch of the opening. It is very accurate, until Caparzo gets shot trying to move a little girl to the next village. The American sniper takes out the German sniper that killed Caparzo, with a shot through the German's eye. this is actually based on a real-life event, not in WWII, but Vietnam. An American shot a VC sniper through the eye. That's why you don't uncover your scope until you're ready. The scope reflects light, and your enemy uses it to sight his rifle.
I really found the idea that a dogface would disobey a direct order, and continue to disobey, very unbelievable. Spielberg's motivation is obviously to show what film historian Stephen Ambrose calls "citizen soldiers" - civilians who were drafted into the Army but gave great service. Speilberg also wants to show Carparzo's humanity and Miller's sense of purpose.
But the Rangers weren't drafted, they were volunteers, and they were handpicked for their abilities. Maybe 6 months later, in the frozen hell of the Ardennes, even elite soldiers would break rank, but I found this idea that 5 days after D-Day Miller's platoon would be openly questioning his orders unreal. Spielberg loves to indulge on sentimentality, and does so here.
In fact, Miller even knowing his men's names seemed weird for a combat veteran. He remarks to Horvath in the church that he's lost 97 men under his command. If he's lost that many, he wouldn't want to know anybody, except maybe Horvath. It would be too painful. He would know that his entire platoon would soon be dead. By May 1945, everybody in that 2nd Ranger Battalion on D-Day was dead, prisoner or wounded.
They move out, stopping at an Airborne aid station. Miller starts yelling Ryan's name in frustration. I liked this scene, even though I really wouldn't want to follow Hanks into battle at this point. Even on a FUBAR or SNAFU mission, if a Captain started openly questioning his orders, I think he would be relieved by his subordinate, at least during the opening phases of the Normandy campaign. But it was a very human scene, by a gifted actor. I think Hanks makes that scene work in spite of Spielberg's direction. A lesser actor would have botched it.
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The Machine Gun Nest
As they move to where they think Ryan is, they attack and wipe out a machine gun nest. This was a little weird, with the whole platoon tyring to convince Miller to bypass. This wouldn't have happened to Rangers like this, again not until the Winter of 1944, anyway. Yes, platoons did break, but this is a handpicked squad (so Miller says in the beginning of the search) and no way would a Sgt. openly question a Captain like that. Again, this is Spielberg crap, showing the humanity of the platoon and sort of, of Hanks.
The attack is standard infantry tactics, except the Medic going forward to just get killed. He would have waited to see the outcome, help the wounded. Miller would have definitely ordered Upham to advance with everyone else. The Medic got killed, I think, because he was talking about home and his Mom and stuff in the church the night before. Even the first time I saw the film I could see Spielberg drawing big bull's-eyes on poor "Doc."
If the Medic was popular, as the film indicates, the men would have killed the German survivor outright. Spielberg tries to cover this, but c'mon, you assault a position with grenades and submachine guns, then put the weapons down to run up a hill and beat up the survivor? Unbelievable. Also, the dead German who is burned and blackened is still breathing. Spielberg forgot to tell the actor to hold his breath.
The scene that follows almost ruined the film for me. Again, Hanks' acting abilities pull it through. Assuming the German survivor was knocked out, wakes up, and the calmer platoon finds him, they would have still shot him, especially the veteran Miller. Because he could come back and bite you in the ass, as he does at the end of this film. The failure of unit cohesion at this point is simply to maintain the audience's identification with the platoon. Again, I don't believe that a platoon of that high quality would have seriously protested a release order by threatening to go AWOL.
Hanks again saves the day. Entertainment Weekly says he edited his speech to be less open, less revealing. The hemmorhage of emotion he has, speaking to his men about his wife and home, was almost too much for me to take. Only Hanks could have kept it from stopping the film altogether.
I did like his crying alone and hiding it from his men.I thought that worked very well.
Miller releases the German. He is wearing a gray Luftwaffe uniform. Keep that in mind.
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